TED演讲: Why veterans miss war老兵为何曲直接触动漫 里番
Sebastian Junger：好意思国记者，因《The Perfect Storm: A True Story of Men Against the Sea》一书而出名，他其后拍摄的一系列记录片记录了好意思军在阿富汗接触技艺的故事，其后还出书了一册书名为《War》。
I'm going to ask and try to answer, in some ways, kind of an uncomfortable question. Both civilians, obviously, and soldiers suffer in war; I don't think any civilian has ever missed the war that they were subjected to. I've been covering wars for almost 20 years, and one of the remarkable things for me is how many soldiers find themselves missing it.
我会提议况兼回复一个问题，这个问题在某些方面会让东说念主不清闲。 了然于目，在接触中，黎民和战士齐会受到伤害，我认为莫得一个黎民会曲直他们资历过的接触。我报说念接触快要20年了，而我发现值得防备的事情之一即是，有若干士兵会认为我方很曲直接触。
How is it someone can go through the worst experience imaginable, and come home, back to their home, and their family, their country, and miss the war? How does that work? What does it mean?
一个临了回到家里，回到故国的东说念主，会想念带给他们最厄运资历的接触？那是怎样回事？那是什么趣味趣味？
We have to answer that question, because if we don't, it'll be impossible to bring soldiers back to a place in society where they belong, and I think it'll also be impossible to stop war, if we don't understand how that mechanism works.
咱们不得不回复这个问题，淌若咱们不给出谜底，就无法使咱们的战士转头阿谁属于他们的方位，社会。况兼，淌若不弄领会这个问题，也不可能按捺接触的发生。
The problem is that war does not have a simple, neat truth, one simple, neat truth.
问题是接触莫得一个通俗洁白的真义。
Any sane person hates war, hates the idea of war, wouldn't want to have anything to do with it, doesn't want to be near it, doesn't want to know about it. That's a sane response to war.
任何千里着从容的东说念主齐敌视接触，敌视接触签订，不想提它，不想接近它，不想了解它。那是对接触畴昔的响应。
But if I asked all of you in this room, who here has paid money to go to a cinema and be entertained by a Hollywood war movie, most of you would probably raise your hands. That's what's so complicated about war. And trust me, if a room full of peace-loving people finds something compelling about war, so do 20-year-old soldiers who have been trained in it, I promise you. That's the thing that has to be understood.
然而，今天我要问在座谁花过钱去电影院不雅看好莱坞接触片，你们中的大部分东说念主细则齐会举手。那这就令东说念主匪夷所念念了。服气我，淌若在座的喜欢和平的东说念主士认为接触很刺激精彩，那么那些罗致查考的年青战士也会这么想。这是需要公共心知肚明的。
I've covered war for about 20 years, as I said, but my most intense experiences in combat were with American soldiers in Afghanistan. I've been in Africa, the Middle East, Afghanistan in the '90s, but it was with American soldiers in 2007, 2008, that I was confronted with very intense combat.
我也曾报说念过接触达20年。我最铭记的即是和在阿富汗好意思军士兵在沿途的资历。90年代，我曾到过非洲，中东以及阿富汗。然而我真确靠近着浓烈的战斗是在2007和2008这两年，跟好意思军士兵在沿途的时候。
I was in a small valley called the Korengal Valley in eastern Afghanistan. It was six miles long. There were 150 men of Battle Company in that valley, and for a while, while I was there, almost 20 percent of all the combat in all of Afghanistan was happening in those six miles. A hundred and fifty men were absorbing almost a fifth of the combat for all of NATO forces in the country, for a couple months. It was very intense.
我在阿富汗东部的一个六英里长的名叫Korengal的山谷里。那里还有战斗营的150位战士。这六英里长的方位进行了阿富汗战役百分之20的战斗。即是这150位战士承担了北商定约在这个国度百分之20的数月的浓烈战役。
I spent most of my time at a small outpost called Restrepo. It was named after the platoon medic that had been killed about two months into the deployment. It was a few plywood B-huts clinging to a side of a ridge, and sandbags动漫 里番, bunkers, gun positions, and there were 20 men up there of Second Platoon, Battle Company. I spent most of my time up there. There was no running water. There was no way to bathe. The guys were up there for a month at a time. They never even got out of their clothes.
大部分时间我齐待在一个叫Restrepo的前哨基地。Restrepo 是为了纪念两个月前在该哨所里被杀的医疗排而定名的。这个哨总计一些在山峰边上由胶合板设立的B型小屋，沙袋，沙坑，枪位，以及20位战斗营二排的士兵。我大部分时间是在那里渡过的，莫得自来水，莫得观点冲凉。士兵们每次齐要在这种方位待一个月，他们以至从不换衣服。
They fought. The worked. They slept in the same clothes. They never took them off, and at the end of the month, they went back down to the company headquarters, and by then, their clothes were unwearable. They burned them and got a new set. There was no Internet. There was no phone. There was no communication with the outside world up there. There was no cooked food. There was nothing up there that young men typically like: no cars, no girls, no television, nothing except combat. Combat they did learn to like.
他们要接触，要使命，穿戴同样的衣服，从不脱下，到月末，就复返总部，此刻，他们还是掣襟露肘。他们就把这些烂衣服焚烧领取新制服。那里也莫得收罗、电话，莫得和外界调换的引子。莫得熟食，莫得年青东说念主喜欢的一切东西：汽车，好意思女，电视机。唯有接触，他们学会喜欢上了它。
I remember one day, it was a very hot day in the spring, and we hadn't been in a fight in a couple of weeks, maybe. Usually, the outpost was attacked, and we hadn't seen any combat in a couple of weeks, and everyone was just stunned with boredom and heat. And I remember the lieutenant walking past me sort of stripped to the waist. It was incredibly hot. Stripped to the waist, walked past me muttering, "Oh God, please someone attack us today." That's how bored they were. That's war too, as a lieutenant saying, "Please make something happen because we're going crazy."
我铭记有一天，那是春季的一个热天，咱们还是概况数周莫得战斗了。鄙俗会碰到遑急的哨站这几个星期却莫得任何战斗。每个东说念主齐终点败兴，又热得要死。铭记从我身旁走过的光着膀子的中尉，天气太热了，他齐把衣服脱了，自言自语说念：“老天，来场战斗吧。”他们即是这么败兴，这即是接触，“快点发生的什么吧，咱们快疯了。”某个中尉说。
To understand that, you have to, for a moment, think about combat not morally -- that's an important job to do — but for a moment, don't think about it morally, think about it neurologically. Let's think about what happens in your brain when you're in combat. First of all, the experience is very bizarre, it's a very bizarre one. It's not what I had expected. Usually, you're not scared. I've been very scared in combat, but most of the time when I was out there, I wasn't scared.
要领会这种心境，你需要有那么一刻不是从说念义上念念考接触，这很广阔，而是从神经系统方面想想。但你身处接触时，你脑海里在想什么？领先，这个资历终点奇怪，终点奇异。跟我所料到的不一样。在那种情况下，你鄙俗不会发怵。我也曾在战斗中发怵过，但我在那里的时候，我不发怵。
I was very scared beforehand and incredibly scared afterwards, and that fear that comes afterwards can last years. I haven't been shot at in six years, and I was woken up very abruptly this morning by a nightmare that I was being strafed by aircraft, six years later. I've never even been strafed by aircraft, and I was having nightmares about it. Time slows down. You get this weird tunnel vision. You notice some details very, very, very accurately and other things drop out.
唯有在战前和战后，我才发怵。而战后的那种颤抖能够执续数年。六年里我莫得资历过枪弹射击。今天清早我一会儿被恶梦惊醒，六年后，我梦见我被空军炮轰致死。我从来莫得被炮轰过，但我却鄙俗梦见它。时光逐步荏苒，你有了奇怪的幻觉，你能准确的防备到一些细节，忽略其他的事情。
It's almost a slightly altered state of mind. What's happening in your brain is you're getting an enormous amount of adrenaline pumped through your system. Young men will go to great lengths to have that experience. It's wired into us. It's hormonally supported. The mortality rate for young men in society is six times what it is for young women from violence and from accidents, just the stupid stuff that young men do: jumping off of things they shouldn't jump off of, lighting things on fire they shouldn't light on fire, I mean, you know what I'm talking about.
那委果是大脑秘要的调度。你大脑里正在发生的事源于你体魄系统里喷涌而出的巨量肾上腺素。年青东说念主隆盛花任何代价来体验那种嗅觉，它已植入咱们，有激素的提拔。社会上，年青男东说念主源于暴力，事故的物化率是年青女东说念主的六倍。他们作念些愚蠢的事情：从不该跳的方位跳下去，焚烧不该焚烧的东西。你们应该领会我说的是什么。
They die at six times the rate that young women do. Statistically, you are safer as a teenage boy, you would be safer in the fire department or the police department in most American cities than just walking around the streets of your hometown looking for something to do, statistically.
他们的物化率是同龄女性的6倍。从数据来看，当你是个男孩时，你是安全的，当你在好意思国许多大城市的消防部或者考核局里，你会比在家乡的街说念上漫衍周游更安全。
You can imagine how that plays out in combat. At Restrepo, every guy up there was almost killed, including me, including my good friend Tim Hetherington, who was later killed in Libya. There were guys walking around with bullet holes in their uniforms, rounds that had cut through the fabric and didn't touch their bodies.
你不错想想战斗中的场景。在Restrepo，我和那里的战士差点齐死了，包括我的好一又友Tim Hetherington，他临了死在了利比亚的战场上。战士们穿戴布满枪眼制服，身上尽是穿过织物，未伤皮肉的伤疤，在那走来走去。
I was leaning against some sandbags one morning, not much going on, sort of spacing out, and some sand was kicked into the side of, sort of hit the side of my face. Something hit the side of my face, and I didn't know what it was. You have to understand about bullets that they go a lot faster than sound, so if someone shoots at you from a few hundred meters, the bullet goes by you, or hits you obviously, half a second or so before the sound catches up to it.
忘忧草社区在线播放一天清早，我靠着一些沙袋，没什么事，有点在放空的景况。有些沙子从我的侧脸冲出来，我知说念有东西击中我的脸。但我不知说念是什么。你必须领会枪弹的速率比声息快许多。因此当某东说念主在百米开外朝你举枪射击时，听到声响的半秒前枪弹还是流程你，况兼毫无疑问掷中你。
So I had some sand sprayed in the side of my face. Half a second later, I heard dut-dut-dut-dut-duh. It was machine gun fire. It was the first round, the first burst of an hour-long firefight. What had happened was the bullet hit, a bullet hit three or four inches from the side of my head. Imagine, just think about it, because I certainly did, think about the angle of deviation that saved my life. At 400 meters, it missed me by three inches. Just think about the math on that. Every guy up there had some experience like that, at least once, if not many times.
有些沙子在我侧脸扬起，半秒之后，我就听到了嗒嗒嗒的声息。是机关枪在扫射。第一轮扫射长达一个小时。之前即是枪弹射击，一颗枪弹从距离我头部三四英寸的方位爆炸。遐想一下吧，我想即是这三四英寸的距离救了我一命。在400米开外，枪弹在三英寸的方位错过了我。用数学计齐截下吧，那里的男孩子们至少有一次有这么的资历，淌若莫得许屡次的话。
The boys are up there for a year. They got back. Some of them got out of the Army and had tremendous psychological problems when they got home. Some of them stayed in the Army and were more or less okay, psychologically. I was particularly close to a guy named Brendan O'Byrne. I'm still very good friends with him. He came back to the States. He got out of the Army.
战士们在那里呆了一年。他们回来了。有些东说念主离开了戎行，回到家中时，已有很严重的心境问题。有些东说念主依旧呆在戎行里，心境上还算精良无比。我和一个叫Brendan O’Byrne的士兵相关很好。咱们当今仍然是很要好的一又友。他回到了好意思国，离开了戎行。
I had a dinner party one night. I invited him, and he started talking with a woman, one of my friends, and she knew how bad it had been out there, and she said, "Brendan, is there anything at all that you miss about being out in Afghanistan, about the war?" And he thought about it quite a long time, and finally he said, "Ma'am, I miss almost all of it." And he's one of the most traumatized people I've seen from that war. "Ma'am, I miss almost all of it."
有个晚上，我举办了一个晚会，我邀请了他，在晚会上，他运转和我的一个女性一又友交谈。她知说念接触有多粗暴，问他：“Brendan, 在阿富汗作战中，你是否有想念的事情？”他想了很久，临了答说念：“女士，我委果想念那里的一切。”他是那次接触中我见过的创伤最严重的一个东说念主。“女士，我委果想念那里的一切。"
What is he talking about? He's not a psychopath. He doesn't miss killing people. He's not crazy. He doesn't miss getting shot at and seeing his friends get killed. What is it that he misses? We have to answer that. If we're going to stop war, we have to answer that question.
他在讲些什么，他不是一个精神病，不会想念杀东说念主的。他莫得疯，不会想念被枪弹射击和亲眼看战友被杀的日子。他在想念什么呢？ 咱们要找到谜底。淌若咱们要住手接触的话，就必须回复这个问题。
I think what he missed is brotherhood. He missed, in some ways, the opposite of killing. What he missed was connection to the other men he was with. Now, brotherhood is different from friendship. Friendship happens in society, obviously. The more you like someone, the more you'd be willing to do for them. Brotherhood has nothing to do with how you feel about the other person. It's a mutual agreement in a group that you will put the welfare of the group, you will put the safety of everyone in the group above your own. In effect, you're saying, "I love these other people more than I love myself."
我认为他想念的是战友情。他曲直的是夷戮的对立面。他想念的是和他在沿途的战士之间的情结。当今，战友情和友情是不一样的。很光显，友情源于酬酢。你越喜欢某东说念主，就付出的越多。战友情和你对他东说念主的嗅觉是毫无攀扯。这种情结是一种互相的契约，你把集体的利益，东说念主东说念主的安全置于你之上。履行上，你能说：“我爱这些东说念主胜过爱我方.”
Brendan was a team leader in command of three men, and the worst day in Afghanistan — He was almost killed so many times. It didn't bother him. The worst thing that happened to him in Afghanistan was one of his men was hit in the head with a bullet in the helmet, knocked him over. They thought he was dead. It was in the middle of a huge firefight. No one could deal with it, and a minute later, Kyle Steiner sat back up from the dead, as it were, because he'd come back to consciousness. The bullet had just knocked him out. It glanced off the helmet. He remembers people saying, as he was sort of half-conscious, he remembers people saying, "Steiner's been hit in the head. Steiner's dead." And he was thinking, "I'm not dead." And he sat up. And Brendan realized after that that he could not protect his men, and that was the only time he cried in Afghanistan, was realizing that. That's brotherhood.
Brendan 是个组长，部下有三个战士。在阿富汗最粗暴的日子里，他许屡次差点被杀害，却涓滴莫得受吵杂。在阿富汗，对他来说，最厄运的事情即是他的别称部下被枪弹射进头盔击中头部，击倒在地。在这种战火硝烟的深夜，他们以为他必死无疑，均无法可想。一会儿，Kyle Steiner 坐起来，不错说是死里回生，因为他又有了签订苏醒过来了。枪弹仅仅将他击倒，擦过甚盔。他半苏醒时，他听到东说念主们说，他们说：“Stenier 被击中了头，死了。”他在想：“我还莫得死.” 他坐起来了。从那之后，Brendan 签订到我方无法保护他的战友们。在阿富汗仅有的一次，他哭了。那即是战友情。
This wasn't invented recently. Many of you have probably read "The Iliad." Achilles surely would have risked his life or given his life to save his friend Patroclus. In World War II, there were many stories of soldiers who were wounded, were brought to a rear base hospital, who went AWOL, crawled out of windows, slipped out doors, went AWOL, wounded, to make their way back to the front lines to rejoin their brothers out there.
这不是近期才出现的。许多东说念主可能读过《伊利亚特》。Achilles 冒着人命的危境去救济他的一又友Patroclus。 在二战中，有许许多多这么的故事：受伤的战士被送到后方基地的病院里。他们逃离病床，爬出窗户，溜外出外，受伤，重新回到前列加入何处的战友们。
So you think about Brendan, you think about all these soldiers having an experience like that, a bond like that, in a small group, where they loved 20 other people in some ways more than they loved themselves, you think about how good that would feel, imagine it, and they are blessed with that experience for a year, and then they come home, and they are just back in society like the rest of us are, not knowing who they can count on, not knowing who loves them, who they can love, not knowing exactly what anyone they know would do for them if it came down to it. That is terrifying. Compared to that, war, psychologically, in some ways, is easy, compared to that kind of alienation. That's why they miss it, and that's what we have to understand and in some ways fix in our society.
是以你想想Brendan吧，想想那些有着同样资历的总计战士们吧。在一个小集体里，这么的相关使得他们爱那20个东说念主胜过爱他们我方。你们想想他们步地有多好。一年以来，他们受到福佑，回到家中，像咱们一样，归入社会中，却不知说念能依靠谁，谁爱他们，他们能爱谁，总之，不行准确的知说念他们清醒的东说念主能为他们作念些什么。 那太可怕了。比拟较精神上的淡薄，接触在心境上来说更容易相宜。那即是为什么他们想念接触。那就咱们必须领会的况兼在某种进程上在咱们社会上要进行修补的。
Thank you very much.
谢谢。
（视频起首：优酷，裁剪 Helen）
动漫 里番